A First Glimpse At the Poll
In November and December 2012, GfK (formerly Knowledge Networks) conducted the National and Regional Issues Survey on behalf of the Blair Center and Clinton School at the University of Arkansas. A total of 3,606 Americans were interviewed, with a median response time of 21 minutes. To allow for comparisons by region and race/ethnicity, a stratified sample was selected from GfK’s Knowledge Panel. In total, the sample includes 1,792 respondents from Southern states (819 white respondents, 408 African-Americans, and 565 Latinos and Latinas) and 1,814 respondents who live in the continental United States outside the South (834 whites, 435 African-Americans, and 545 Latinos and Latinas). The survey was conducted in both English and Spanish, and approximately half of the Latino and Latina respondents completed the survey in each language.
Though the Blair Center-Clinton School Poll in its entirety covers a range of issues regarding gender and race relations, regional distinctiveness, as well as policy preferences, this report highlights some of the initial findings related to significant current events. . In particular, it provides a first glimpse into the 2012 presidential election, beliefs about Romney’s religion, credit for bin Laden’s death, opinions surrounding student loan debt, and hypothetical vote choices in 2016. More detailed findings reports will be released in weeks and months to come.
Barack Obama vs. Mitt Romney
Approximately half of the registered voters surveyed report that they voted for Barack Obama in the 2012 presidential election, while 42% say they voted for Mitt Romney. A large gender gap exists in presidential vote choice (Figure1). Men are more likely to have voted for Romney (46%), while women were more likely to have supported the president’s bid for re-election (56%).
Figure 1: 2012 Presidential Vote Choice by Gender
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Not surprisingly, an enormous partisan gap emerges with respect to the 2012 presidential election (Figure 2). 92% of Democrats, 40% of independents, and 7% of Republicans voted for Barack Obama. Conversely, 88% of Republicans, 36% of independents, and 4% of Democrats voted for the former Massachusetts governor.
Figure 2: 2012 Presidential Vote Choice by Partisan Identification
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The gender gap is apparent even within partisan groups. Among Democrats, women are slightly more likely than men to have voted to re-elect President Obama (94% compared to 91%), while men are slightly more likely than women to have voted for another candidate (5% compared to 0.4%). Among Republicans, support for the president is remarkably higher among women (11%) than among men (4%). Obama won more support among independent men (44%) than women (36%). In order to visually demonstrate the differences between women and men, the so called “Gender-Gaps,” the following figures show the difference in the percentage of women voting for a particular candidate minus the percentage of men voting for the same candidate. As a result, a positive number indicates that a greater percentage of women voted for a particular candidate compared to the percentage of men. A value of zero indicates that the percentage of women and men voting for a particular candidate is the same while a negative number indicates that a greater percentage of men voted for a particular candidate compared to women.
Figure 3: Gender Gap in 2012 Presidential Vote Choice by Partisan Identification
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The vote share of each candidate also differs by race and ethnicity (Figure 4). Mitt Romney won the support of most whites (52%) but only a quarter of Latinos and Latinas (26%) and a scant 2% of African-Americans. Meanwhile, President Obama was supported by an overwhelming majority of African-Americans (93%), almost two-thirds of Latinos and Latinas (63%), but only a minority of whites (42%).
Figure 4: 2012 Presidential Vote Choice by Race/Ethnicity
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The gender gap apparent at the national level is also apparent among whites and Latinos and Latinas (Figure 5). White women are more likely than white men to have voted for President Obama (47% compared to 36%), while white men are more likely than white women to have supported Romney over Obama (55% compared to 48%). Latinas are more likely than Latinos to have supported Obama over Romney (65% versus 60%), but more Latinos than Latinas supported Romney (29% versus 24%).
Figure 5: Gender Gap in 2012 Presidential Vote Choice by Race/Ethnicity
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Support for Mitt Romney was higher in the South than among non-Southerners (Figure 6). 47% of Southerners voted for the former Massachusetts governor, while 40% of respondents outside the South backed Romney over Obama. Conversely, 52% of whites, African-Americans, and Latinos and Latinas outside the south cast their ballots for Obama, while only 48% of Southern white, African-American, and Latino and Latina voters supported Obama’s re-election bid.
Figure 6: 2012 Presidential Vote Choice by Region
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Nationally, women were more likely to have voted for Obama than Romney. This difference is driven mainly by individuals outside the South (Figure 7). Almost 60% of women but only 45% of men in non-Southern states backed the president. Conversely, women outside the South were less likely to have supported Romney than were men in non-Southern states (35% compared to 45%). Among Southerners, however, the gender gap disappears. Men and women in Southern states were equally likely to have backed Obama and Romney. According to Angie Maxwell, “this finding supports a trend that started in 2004, when southern women, once considered a major contributor to the national gender gap, shifted their allegiance to Republican candidates.”
Figure 7: Gender Gap in 2012 Presidential Vote Choice by Region
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The differences between the South and non-south are even greater if we look only at white respondents (Figure 8). While 65% of white Southerners backed Romney, only 47% of whites in non-Southern states voted for the former Massachusetts governor. 46% of whites outside the South voted for Obama, but only 32% of whites in Southern states supported Obama’s candidacy. Among African-Americans and Latinos and Latinas, regional differences are statistically insignificant. This demonstrates, as Maxwell notes, that “southern political distinctiveness is primarily driven by white voting behavior.”
Figure 8: Regional Gap in 2012 Presidential Vote Choice by Race/Ethnicity
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Is Mitt Romney a Christian?
Overall the survey results indicate that white, African-American, and Latino/a Americans are confused about Mitt Romney’s religious beliefs. 37% believe that Mitt Romney is Christian, an almost equal proportion (38%) don’t know whether Mitt Romney is a Christian. Large differences emerge by gender, party identification, socioeconomic status, and race and ethnicity.
Men are more likely than women to believe that Mitt Romney is Christian (Figure 9). 40% of men say that the former Massachusetts governor is Christian, while only 34% of women say this. 42% of women but only 33% of men don’t know whether the Romney family’s religion is Christian. <>
Figure 9: Mitt Romney is Christian by Gender
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A large partisan gap emerges between Republicans and others (Figure 10). Over half of Republicans describe the Massachusetts governor as Christian, while only 28% of Democrats and 26% of Independents do so. Almost half of Democrats and Independents (44% and 46%, respectively) – yet only one in four Republicans – don’t know if Romney is a Christian.
Figure 10: Mitt Romney is Christian by Party Identification
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Respondents with higher socioeconomic status are more likely to believe that the Republican presidential candidate is Christian. Individuals who live in households with higher income (Figure 11), as well as individuals with higher levels of education (Figure 12) are more likely to believe that Mitt Romney is Christian.
Figure 11: Mitt Romney is Christian by Household Income
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Figure 12: Mitt Romney is Christian by Education
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Large racial differences emerge with respect to Mitt Romney’s religion (Figure 13). Almost half of whites (45%) yet less than one in five African-Americans (15%) or Latinos/Latinas (20%) believe that Mitt Romney is Christian. According to Dr. Dowe “The findings that African Americans question the authenticity of Romney’s Christianity is consistent with the continued influence of conservative theology that dominates much of African American religious thought.” More than one in three African-Americans (36%) do not believe that Mitt Romney’s religion can be described as Christian; smaller numbers of whites (20%) and Latinos and Latinas (30%) believe Romney is not Christian. Almost half of African-Americans and Latinos and Latinas (47% and 49%, respectively) don’t know whether Mitt Romney is Christian.
Figure 13: Mitt Romney is Christian by Race/Ethnicity
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Belief that Romney is Christian is related to voting for him (Figure 14). 59% of respondents who say that Romney is Christian cast their ballots for the former Massachusetts governor. 72% of respondents who do not believe Romney is Christian and 69% of respondents who are uncertain if Romney’s religious beliefs are Christian voted for Barack Obama. This is hardly surprising, given the relationship between opinions about Romney’s religious beliefs, on the one hand, and race and partisanship, on the other.
Figure 14: 2012 Presidential Vote Choice by Mitt Romney is Christian
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Who Killed Bin Laden?
On May 1, 2011, a Navy SEAL team, following orders from President Obama, assaulted a compound in Abbottabad, Pakistan, which resulted in the death of Osama bin Laden. Americans heralded his death as a positive development in the decade-old war on terror and overwhelmingly approved the military raid and the decision to kill bin Laden rather than capture him alive. Immediately after the announcement of bin Laden’s death, Americans credited military personnel, government intelligence agencies, and Presidents Bush and Obama for the killing the world’s most wanted man. Eighteen months later, credit for his death remains fairly diffuse (Figure 15).
White, African-American, and Latinos and Latinas think that the Navy Seal Team who conducted the raid deserves about 44% of the credit for bin Laden’s death. President Obama and the U.S. intelligence agencies are given– on average – 23% and 22% of the credit for the terrorist’s death. The remaining proportion of credit is fairly evenly divided between former President George W. Bush (4%), Secretary of State Clinton (3%), and another individual or group (3%). Mitt Romney is credited with next to no credit (mean of 0.77%), which is not surprising given his lack of official affiliation with the federal government.
Figure 15: Credit for Bin Laden’s Death
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Large differences emerge when the mean values are separated by race and ethnicity (Figure 16). Whites, on average, think that the Navy SEAL team deserves almost half the credit, while Latinos and Latinas and African-Americans think that military personnel deserve less credit (31% and 27%, respectively) and give more credit to Obama than do whites (45% and 31%, respectively, compared to 18%).
Figure 16: Credit for Bin Laden’s Death by Race/Ethnicity
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Small, but significant, differences emerge when the mean values are examined by region (Figure 17). Respondents in the South give slightly more credit to George W. Bush (5% compared to 3%) and Mitt Romney (1.11% compared to 0.61%). Respondents outside the South given more credit to U.S. Intelligence agencies (23% compared to 20%).
Figure 17: Credit for Bin Laden’s Death by Region
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Within each region, racial gaps emerge regarding who should be credited with the death of bin Laden’s death (Figure 18). African-Americans and in the South give more credit to Obama than do Latinos and Latinas or whites (45%, 26%, and 15%, respectively). Latinos and Latinas and African-Americans give more credit to Hillary Clinton than whites (4% and 5% compared to 2%). White Southerners give more credit than African-Americans or Latinos and Latinas to the Navy Seal team (53% compared to 28% and 32%). White Southerners give more credit to former President George W. Bush than do African-Americans (5% compared to 3%). Hispanics give more credit to U.S. Intelligence agencies than do African-Americans or whites (24% compared to 21% and 15%).
Among Non-Southerners, African-Americans and Latinos and Latinas attribute bin Laden’s death more to Obama (45%, 33%, and 19%, respectively) and to Secretary of State Clinton (4%, 4%, and 2%) than do whites. Latinos and Latinas give more credit to former President Bush than do whites or African-Americans (4%, 3%, and 2%). Whites think the Navy Seal team deserves more credit (48%) than do African-Americans (27%) or Latinos and Latinas (30%). Similarly, whites and Latinos and Latinas believe the U.S. intelligence agencies contributed more to the death of bin Laden (24% and 22%) than do African-Americans (16%).
Figure 18: Racial Gap in Credit for Bin Laden’s Death by Region
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Although few regional differences are seen collectively, there is a distinctive regional gap among whites (Figure 19). Whites outside the south give more credit to President Obama (19% compared to 15%) and U.S. Intelligence Agencies (24% compared to 21%) for Osama bin Laden’s death, while Southern whites give more credit to the Navy Seal team (53% versus 48%) and to former President Bush (5% versus 3%). Here again, argues Maxwell, “what has been labeled for years as ‘southern distinctiveness,’ should be more accurately called ‘white southern distinctiveness,’ as white attitudes are the primary contributor to the regional gaps still apparent in American politics.”
Only one regional difference emerges among Latinos and Latinas. Latinos and Latinas outside the south think Barack Obama deserves more credit than those living in Southern states (33% versus 26%).
Figure 19: Regional Gap in Credit for Bin Laden’s Death by Race/Ethnicity
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Responsibility for Student Debt
There can be no doubt that a college education is expensive. The U.S. Department of Education estimates that the annual cost of tuition, room, and board at a public 4-year institution was $15,606 in 2010; for private institutions, the number jumps to almost $32,000. To pay for higher education, Americans are taking on student loan debt; Americans now owe almost a trillion dollars in student loans. Who is responsible for this increase?
White, African-American, and Latino and Latina Americans largely blame colleges and universities (31%) and the federal government (30%) for the large amount of student debt. Smaller numbers blame students (18%) for assuming the debts and much smaller numbers attribute the blame to state governments (7%) and parents (4%).
Partisans think differently about student loan debt (Figure 20). 34% of Democrats – but only 29% of Republicans and 27% of Independents – blame colleges and universities. 35% of Republicans blame the federal government, while only 29% of independents and 26% attribute student loan debt to the federal government. 21% of Republicans believe students are to blame, a belief shared by 19% of independents and 15% of Democrats.
Figure 20: Student Loan Debt by Party Identification
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Large socioeconomic differences emerge with respect for student loan debt (Figure 21). Respondents living in households with high annual incomes are more likely to attribute blame to colleges and universities (36%) than are respondents with lower household incomes. Respondents whose households have incomes under $25,000 a year are more likely to blame the federal government (33%).
Figure 21: Student Loan Debt by Household Income
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Similarly, patterns for blame attribution emerge by education levels (Figure 22). Higher education is associated with more blame attributed to educational institutions (38% of respondents with a bachelor’s degree blame colleges, compared to only 18% of those who did not graduate high school). Lower education is associated with blaming the federal government (22% of those with at least a college degree compared to 35% of those without a high school diploma).
Figure 22: Student Loan Debt by Education
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The student loan debt is seen as having different root causes by different racial and ethnic groups (Figure 23). One in three whites attribute blame for student debt on colleges and universities, while only 28% of African-Americans and 21% of Latinos and Latinas blame high learning institution. 33% of Latinos and Latinas, 30% of African-Americans, and 29% of whites think the federal government is to blame for student debt. African-Americans and Latinos and Latinas are more likely to blame state governments than are whites (11% and 12% compared to 5%). These racial differences are the same both within the South and Americans who live in non-Southern states. According to Dr. Dowe, “The differences reported are consistent with the fact that students of color are more likely to utilize federal programs such as Pell Grants, Work Study Programs and Stafford Loans to fund their college educations. During the spring of 2012 some policy advocates called for cutting these programs as well increasing the interest rates on Stafford Loans. Any policy change that would make it difficult to access federal grants increases the likelihood of increased loan debt by students of color.”
Figure 23: Student Loan Debt by Race/Ethnicity
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Conclusion
This report has provided an initial glimpse into the findings of the Blair School/Clinton School Survey of 2012. The first findings have revealed that Americans are, by no means, unanimous in their thinking about the 2012 presidential race, Mitt Romney’s religion, student loan debt and credit for the death of bin Laden. Rather, differences emerge by gender, race, region, socioeconomic status, and the intersection of these characteristics.
It is important to once again note that these findings are just the first look into this survey’s findings. In the coming weeks and months, more detailed findings will be released about philanthropy, African Americans, Latinos, the South vs. non-South, the elderly, attitudes toward immigration and other important topics.
Appendix: Frequencies and Crosstabs
| P14 Do you believe you will see a woman as the American president in your lifetime? | |||||
| Frequency | Percent | Valid Percent | Cumulative Percent | ||
| Valid | -1 Refused | 87 | 2.4 | 2.4 | 2.4 |
| 1 Yes | 2765 | 76.7 | 76.7 | 79.1 | |
| 2 No | 754 | 20.9 | 20.9 | 100.0 | |
| Total | 3606 | 100.0 | 100.0 | ||
| Q32 In the 2012 Presidential election, who did you vote for? | |||||
| Frequency | Percent | Valid Percent | Cumulative Percent | ||
| Valid | -1 Refused | 39 | 1.1 | 1.6 | 1.6 |
| 1 Barack Obama | 1291 | 35.8 | 50.9 | 52.5 | |
| 2 Mitt Romney | 1069 | 29.6 | 42.2 | 94.7 | |
| 3 Other | 105 | 2.9 | 4.2 | 98.8 | |
| 4 Did not vote | 30 | .8 | 1.2 | 100.0 | |
| Total | 2534 | 70.3 | 100.0 | ||
| Missing | System | 1072 | 29.7 | ||
| Total | 3606 | 100.0 | |||
| Q32 In the 2012 Presidential election, who did you vote for? | ||||
| Gender | Total | |||
| 1 Male | 2 Female | |||
| -1 Refused | Count | 20 | 19 | 39 |
| % within Gender | 1.7% | 1.4% | 1.5% | |
| 1 Barack Obama | Count | 540 | 750 | 1290 |
| % within Gender | 45.4% | 55.7% | 50.9% | |
| 2 Mitt Romney | Count | 545 | 524 | 1069 |
| % within Gender | 45.8% | 38.9% | 42.2% | |
| 3 Other | Count | 72 | 34 | 106 |
| % within Gender | 6.1% | 2.5% | 4.2% | |
| 4 Did not vote | Count | 12 | 19 | 31 |
| % within Gender | 1.0% | 1.4% | 1.2% | |
| Total | Count | 1189 | 1346 | 2535 |
| % within Gender | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | |
| Q32 In the 2012 Presidential election, who did you vote for? | |||||
| Party Identification | Total | ||||
| 1 Democrat | 2 Independent | 3 Republican | |||
| -1 Refused | Count | 11 | 19 | 10 | 40 |
| % within Party Identification | 0.9% | 5.6% | 1.0% | 1.6% | |
| 1 Barack Obama | Count | 1080 | 137 | 74 | 1291 |
| % within Party Identification | 92.3% | 40.2% | 7.2% | 50.9% | |
| 2 Mitt Romney | Count | 46 | 122 | 901 | 1069 |
| % within Party Identification | 3.9% | 35.8% | 87.9% | 42.2% | |
| 3 Other | Count | 25 | 51 | 29 | 105 |
| % within Party Identification | 2.1% | 15.0% | 2.8% | 4.1% | |
| 4 Did not vote | Count | 8 | 12 | 11 | 31 |
| % within Party Identification | 0.7% | 3.5% | 1.1% | 1.2% | |
| Total | Count | 1170 | 341 | 1025 | 2536 |
| % within Party Identification | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | |
| Q32 In the 2012 Presidential election, who did you vote for? | ||||||
| Party Identification | Gender | Total | ||||
| 1 Male | 2 Female | |||||
| 1 Democrat | -1 Refused | Count | 4 | 7 | 11 | |
| % within Gender | 0.8% | 1.0% | 0.9% | |||
| 1 Barack Obama | Count | 443 | 637 | 1080 | ||
| % within Gender | 90.6% | 93.5% | 92.3% | |||
| 2 Mitt Romney | Count | 16 | 30 | 46 | ||
| % within Gender | 3.3% | 4.4% | 3.9% | |||
| 3 Other | Count | 22 | 3 | 25 | ||
| % within Gender | 4.5% | 0.4% | 2.1% | |||
| 4 Did not vote | Count | 4 | 4 | 8 | ||
| % within Gender | 0.8% | 0.6% | 0.7% | |||
| Total | Count | 489 | 681 | 1170 | ||
| % within Gender | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | |||
| 2 Independent | -1 Refused | Count | 9 | 10 | 19 | |
| % within Gender | 5.0% | 6.2% | 5.6% | |||
| 1 Barack Obama | Count | 79 | 58 | 137 | ||
| % within Gender | 43.6% | 36.2% | 40.2% | |||
| 2 Mitt Romney | Count | 65 | 57 | 122 | ||
| % within Gender | 35.9% | 35.6% | 35.8% | |||
| 3 Other | Count | 26 | 25 | 51 | ||
| % within Gender | 14.4% | 15.6% | 15.0% | |||
| 4 Did not vote | Count | 2 | 10 | 12 | ||
| % within Gender | 1.1% | 6.2% | 3.5% | |||
| Total | Count | 181 | 160 | 341 | ||
| % within Gender | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | |||
| 3 Republican | -1 Refused | Count | 8 | 2 | 10 | |
| % within Gender | 1.5% | 0.4% | 1.0% | |||
| 1 Barack Obama | Count | 18 | 56 | 74 | ||
| % within Gender | 3.5% | 11.1% | 7.2% | |||
| 2 Mitt Romney | Count | 464 | 437 | 901 | ||
| % within Gender | 89.2% | 86.4% | 87.8% | |||
| 3 Other | Count | 24 | 6 | 30 | ||
| % within Gender | 4.6% | 1.2% | 2.9% | |||
| 4 Did not vote | Count | 6 | 5 | 11 | ||
| % within Gender | 1.2% | 1.0% | 1.1% | |||
| Total | Count | 520 | 506 | 1026 | ||
| % within Gender | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | |||
| Q32 In the 2012 Presidential election, who did you vote for? | |||||
| Race/Ethnicity | Total | ||||
| 1 White | 2 African-American | 4 Latino/Latina | |||
| -1 Refused | Count | 18 | 13 | 9 | 40 |
| % within Race/Ethnicity | 1.5% | 2.1% | 1.6% | 1.7% | |
| 1 Barack Obama | Count | 512 | 581 | 350 | 1443 |
| % within Race/Ethnicity | 41.8% | 92.8% | 62.8% | 60.0% | |
| 2 Mitt Romney | Count | 631 | 13 | 147 | 791 |
| % within Race/Ethnicity | 51.6% | 2.1% | 26.4% | 32.9% | |
| 3 Other | Count | 62 | 8 | 7 | 77 |
| % within Race/Ethnicity | 5.1% | 1.3% | 1.3% | 3.2% | |
| 4 Did not vote | Count | 1 | 11 | 44 | 56 |
| % within Race/Ethnicity | 0.1% | 1.8% | 7.9% | 2.3% | |
| Total | Count | 1224 | 626 | 557 | 2407 |
| % within Race/Ethnicity | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | |
| Q32 In the 2012 Presidential election, who did you vote for? | ||||||
| Race/Ethnicity | Gender | Total | ||||
| 1 Male | 2 Female | |||||
| 1 White | -1 Refused | Count | 9 | 9 | 18 | |
| % within Gender | 1.5% | 1.4% | 1.5% | |||
| 1 Barack Obama | Count | 209 | 303 | 512 | ||
| % within Gender | 35.8% | 47.2% | 41.8% | |||
| 2 Mitt Romney | Count | 321 | 310 | 631 | ||
| % within Gender | 55.1% | 48.3% | 51.5% | |||
| 3 Other | Count | 43 | 20 | 63 | ||
| % within Gender | 7.4% | 3.1% | 5.1% | |||
| 4 Did not vote | Count | 1 | 0 | 1 | ||
| % within Gender | 0.2% | 0.0% | 0.1% | |||
| Total | Count | 583 | 642 | 1225 | ||
| % within Gender | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | |||
| 2 African-American | -1 Refused | Count | 7 | 6 | 13 | |
| % within Gender | 2.6% | 1.7% | 2.1% | |||
| 1 Barack Obama | Count | 250 | 331 | 581 | ||
| % within Gender | 92.3% | 93.0% | 92.7% | |||
| 2 Mitt Romney | Count | 7 | 6 | 13 | ||
| % within Gender | 2.6% | 1.7% | 2.1% | |||
| 3 Other | Count | 4 | 4 | 8 | ||
| % within Gender | 1.5% | 1.1% | 1.3% | |||
| 4 Did not vote | Count | 3 | 9 | 12 | ||
| % within Gender | 1.1% | 2.5% | 1.9% | |||
| Total | Count | 271 | 356 | 627 | ||
| % within Gender | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | |||
| 4 Latino/Latina | -1 Refused | Count | 5 | 5 | 10 | |
| % within Gender | 1.9% | 1.7% | 1.8% | |||
| 1 Barack Obama | Count | 155 | 195 | 350 | ||
| % within Gender | 59.8% | 65.2% | 62.7% | |||
| 2 Mitt Romney | Count | 76 | 71 | 147 | ||
| % within Gender | 29.3% | 23.7% | 26.3% | |||
| 3 Other | Count | 6 | 1 | 7 | ||
| % within Gender | 2.3% | 0.3% | 1.3% | |||
| 4 Did not vote | Count | 17 | 27 | 44 | ||
| % within Gender | 6.6% | 9.0% | 7.9% | |||
| Total | Count | 259 | 299 | 558 | ||
| % within Gender | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | |||
| Q32 In the 2012 Presidential election, who did you vote for? | ||||
| Region | Total | |||
| 0 Non-South | 1 South | |||
| -1 Refused | Count | 18 | 23 | 41 |
| % within Region | 1.4% | 1.9% | 1.6% | |
| 1 Barack Obama | Count | 671 | 597 | 1268 |
| % within Region | 52.2% | 48.1% | 50.2% | |
| 2 Mitt Romney | Count | 513 | 583 | 1096 |
| % within Region | 39.9% | 47.0% | 43.4% | |
| 3 Other | Count | 70 | 18 | 88 |
| % within Region | 5.4% | 1.5% | 3.5% | |
| 4 Did not vote | Count | 13 | 20 | 33 |
| % within Region | 1.0% | 1.6% | 1.3% | |
| Total | Count | 1285 | 1241 | 2526 |
| % within Region | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | |
| Q32 In the 2012 Presidential election, who did you vote for? | ||||||
| Region | Gender | Total | ||||
| 1 Male | 2 Female | |||||
| 0 Non-South | -1 Refused | Count | 8 | 10 | 18 | |
| % within Gender | 1.3% | 1.5% | 1.4% | |||
| 1 Barack Obama | Count | 267 | 404 | 671 | ||
| % within Gender | 44.6% | 58.9% | 52.3% | |||
| 2 Mitt Romney | Count | 271 | 242 | 513 | ||
| % within Gender | 45.3% | 35.3% | 40.0% | |||
| 3 Other | Count | 47 | 22 | 69 | ||
| % within Gender | 7.9% | 3.2% | 5.4% | |||
| 4 Did not vote | Count | 5 | 8 | 13 | ||
| % within Gender | 0.8% | 1.2% | 1.0% | |||
| Total | Count | 598 | 686 | 1284 | ||
| % within Gender | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | |||
| 1 South | -1 Refused | Count | 14 | 9 | 23 | |
| % within Gender | 2.4% | 1.4% | 1.9% | |||
| 1 Barack Obama | Count | 279 | 318 | 597 | ||
| % within Gender | 47.2% | 48.9% | 48.1% | |||
| 2 Mitt Romney | Count | 279 | 304 | 583 | ||
| % within Gender | 47.2% | 46.8% | 47.0% | |||
| 3 Other | Count | 12 | 6 | 18 | ||
| % within Gender | 2.0% | 0.9% | 1.5% | |||
| 4 Did not vote | Count | 7 | 13 | 20 | ||
| % within Gender | 1.2% | 2.0% | 1.6% | |||
| Total | Count | 591 | 650 | 1241 | ||
| % within Gender | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | |||
| Q32 In the 2012 Presidential election, who did you vote for? | ||||||||
| Race/Region Subgroups | Total | |||||||
| 1 White South | 2 AA South | 3 Latino/a South | 4 White Non-South | 5 AA Non-South | 6 Latino/a Non-South | |||
| -1 Refused | Count | 12 | 4 | 5 | 8 | 9 | 5 | 43 |
| % within Race/Region Subgroups | 2.0% | 1.3% | 1.7% | 1.3% | 2.8% | 1.8% | 1.8% | |
| 1 Barack Obama | Count | 186 | 292 | 171 | 286 | 288 | 176 | 1399 |
| % within Race/Region Subgroups | 31.5% | 94.5% | 59.2% | 45.8% | 91.1% | 64.7% | 58.3% | |
| 2 Mitt Romney | Count | 381 | 7 | 83 | 290 | 6 | 68 | 835 |
| % within Race/Region Subgroups | 64.5% | 2.3% | 28.7% | 46.5% | 1.9% | 25.0% | 34.8% | |
| 3 Other | Count | 10 | 0 | 7 | 40 | 8 | 2 | 67 |
| % within Race/Region Subgroups | 1.7% | 0.0% | 2.4% | 6.4% | 2.5% | 0.7% | 2.8% | |
| 4 Did not vote | Count | 2 | 6 | 23 | 0 | 5 | 21 | 57 |
| % within Race/Region Subgroups | 0.3% | 1.9% | 8.0% | 0.0% | 1.6% | 7.7% | 2.4% | |
| Total | Count | 591 | 309 | 289 | 624 | 316 | 272 | 2401 |
| % within Race/Region Subgroups | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | |
| P11 Do you believe that Mitt Romney is a Christian? | |||||
| Frequency | Percent | Valid Percent | Cumulative Percent | ||
| Valid | -1 Refused | 61 | 1.7 | 1.7 | 1.7 |
| 1 Yes | 1333 | 37.0 | 37.0 | 38.7 | |
| 2 No | 850 | 23.6 | 23.6 | 62.2 | |
| 3 I Don’t know | 1362 | 37.8 | 37.8 | 100.0 | |
| Total | 3606 | 100.0 | 100.0 | ||
| P11 Do you believe that Mitt Romney is a Christian? | ||||
| Gender | Total | |||
| 1 Male | 2 Female | |||
| -1 Refused | Count | 32 | 29 | 61 |
| % within Gender | 1.8% | 1.6% | 1.7% | |
| 1 Yes | Count | 691 | 642 | 1333 |
| % within Gender | 39.7% | 34.4% | 37.0% | |
| 2 No | Count | 440 | 411 | 851 |
| % within Gender | 25.3% | 22.0% | 23.6% | |
| 3 I Don’t know | Count | 578 | 783 | 1361 |
| % within Gender | 33.2% | 42.0% | 37.7% | |
| Total | Count | 1741 | 1865 | 3606 |
| % within Gender | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | |
| P11 Do you believe that Mitt Romney is a Christian? | |||||
| Party Identification | Total | ||||
| 1 Democrat | 2 Independent | 3 Republican | |||
| -1 Refused | Count | 11 | 40 | 10 | 61 |
| % within Party Identification | 0.7% | 5.3% | 0.8% | 1.7% | |
| 1 Yes | Count | 460 | 193 | 680 | 1333 |
| % within Party Identification | 28.4% | 25.7% | 55.2% | 37.0% | |
| 2 No | Count | 441 | 171 | 238 | 850 |
| % within Party Identification | 27.2% | 22.7% | 19.3% | 23.6% | |
| 3 I Don’t know | Count | 709 | 348 | 304 | 1361 |
| % within Party Identification | 43.7% | 46.3% | 24.7% | 37.8% | |
| Total | Count | 1621 | 752 | 1232 | 3605 |
| % within Party Identification | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | |
| P11 Do you believe that Mitt Romney is a Christian? | ||||||
| Income Groups | Total | |||||
| 1 <$25K | 2 $25-49K | 3 $50-74K | 4 $75K+ | |||
| -1 Refused | Count | 14 | 17 | 8 | 22 | 61 |
| % within Income Groups | 1.7% | 1.9% | 1.2% | 1.8% | 1.7% | |
| 1 Yes | Count | 158 | 300 | 280 | 594 | 1332 |
| % within Income Groups | 19.7% | 33.5% | 42.4% | 47.6% | 36.9% | |
| 2 No | Count | 207 | 206 | 146 | 292 | 851 |
| % within Income Groups | 25.8% | 23.0% | 22.1% | 23.4% | 23.6% | |
| 3 I don’t know | Count | 422 | 373 | 227 | 339 | 1361 |
| % within Income Groups | 52.7% | 41.6% | 34.3% | 27.2% | 37.8% | |
| Total | Count | 801 | 896 | 661 | 1247 | 3605 |
| % within Income Groups | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | |
| P11 Do you believe that Mitt Romney is a Christian? | ||||||
| Education (Categorical) | Total | |||||
| 1 Less than high school | 2 High school | 3 Some College | 4 Bachelor’s degree or higher | |||
| -1 Refused | Count | 18 | 14 | 20 | 10 | 62 |
| % within Education (Categorical) | 4.1% | 1.3% | 1.9% | 1.0% | 1.7% | |
| 1 Yes | Count | 76 | 377 | 370 | 510 | 1333 |
| % within Education (Categorical) | 17.3% | 34.0% | 35.3% | 50.3% | 36.9% | |
| 2 No | Count | 114 | 246 | 252 | 239 | 851 |
| % within Education (Categorical) | 26.0% | 22.2% | 24.1% | 23.6% | 23.6% | |
| 3 I don’t know | Count | 231 | 471 | 405 | 255 | 1362 |
| % within Education (Categorical) | 52.6% | 42.5% | 38.7% | 25.1% | 37.7% | |
| Total | Count | 439 | 1108 | 1047 | 1014 | 3608 |
| % within Income Groups | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | |
| P11 Do you believe that Mitt Romney is a Christian? | |||||
| Race/Ethnicity | Total | ||||
| 1 White | 2 African-American | 4 Latino/Latina | |||
| -1 Refused | Count | 24 | 20 | 26 | 70 |
| % within Race/Ethnicity | 1.5% | 2.4% | 2.3% | 1.9% | |
| 1 Yes | Count | 739 | 124 | 216 | 1079 |
| % within Race/Ethnicity | 44.7% | 14.7% | 19.5% | 29.9% | |
| 2 No | Count | 331 | 307 | 329 | 967 |
| % within Race/Ethnicity | 20.0% | 36.4% | 29.6% | 26.8% | |
| 3 I Don’t know | Count | 559 | 393 | 539 | 1491 |
| % within Race/Ethnicity | 33.8% | 46.6% | 48.6% | 41.3% | |
| Total | Count | 1653 | 844 | 1110 | 3607 |
| % within Race/Ethnicity | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | |
| Q32 In the 2012 Presidential election, who did you vote for? | |||||||
| P11 Do you believe that Mitt Romney is a Christian? | Total | ||||||
| -1 Refused | 1 Yes | 2 No | 3 I Don’t know | ||||
| -1 Refused | Count | 3 | 12 | 6 | 19 | 40 | |
| % within P11 | 12.5% | 1.1% | 1.0% | 2.3% | 1.6% | ||
| 1 Barack Obama | Count | 13 | 395 | 366 | 517 | 1291 | |
| % within P11 | 54.2% | 36.0% | 61.2% | 63.2% | 50.9% | ||
| 2 Mitt Romney | Count | 8 | 662 | 191 | 208 | 1069 | |
| % within P11 | 33.3% | 60.4% | 31.9% | 25.4% | 42.2% | ||
| 3 Other | Count | 0 | 25 | 33 | 47 | 105 | |
| % within P11 | 0.0% | 2.3% | 5.5% | 5.7% | 4.1% | ||
| 4 Did not vote | Count | 0 | 2 | 2 | 27 | 31 | |
| % within P11 | 0.0% | 0.2% | 0.3% | 3.3% | 1.2% | ||
| Total | Count | 24 | 1096 | 598 | 818 | 2536 | |
| % within P11 | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | ||
| P17 How much credit do you give to each of the following people or groups for the death of Osama Bin Laden? | ||
| Mean | ||
| Statistic | Std. Error | |
| P17_A [Barack Obama] | 23.13 | .455 |
| P17_B [Mitt Romney] | .77 | .083 |
| P17_C [Navy Seal Team] | 43.78 | .512 |
| P17_D [Hillary Clinton] | 2.45 | .109 |
| P17_E [George W. Bush] | 3.97 | .186 |
| P17_F [U.S. Intelligence Agencies] | 21.94 | .358 |
| P17_G [Another individual or group] | 3.06 | .219 |
| Valid N (listwise) | ||
| P17 How much credit do you give to each of the following people or groups for the death of Osama Bin Laden? | |||||||
| Mean | |||||||
| Race / Ethnicity | P17_A [Barack Obama] | P17_B [Mitt Romney] | P17_C [Navy Seal Team] | P17_D [Hillary Clinton] | P17_E [George W. Bush] | P17_F [U.S. Intelligence Agencies] | P17_G [Another individual or group] |
| 1 White | 17.79 | .39 | 49.44 | 1.68 | 4.06 | 22.80 | 2.95 |
| 2 African-American | 45.11 | 1.22 | 27.12 | 4.96 | 2.44 | 15.59 | 2.67 |
| 4 Latino/Latina | 30.56 | 2.24 | 30.55 | 4.02 | 4.78 | 22.97 | 3.90 |
| Total | 28.00 | 1.14 | 38.56 | 3.15 | 3.90 | 21.17 | 3.17 |
| P17 How much credit do you give to each of the following people or groups for the death of Osama Bin Laden? | |||||||
| Mean | |||||||
| Region | P17_A [Barack Obama] | P17_B [Mitt Romney] | P17_C [Navy Seal Team] | P17_D [Hillary Clinton] | P17_E [George W. Bush] | P17_F [U.S. Intelligence Agencies] | P17_G [Another individual or group] |
| 0 Non-South | 23.39 | .61 | 43.27 | 2.34 | 3.51 | 22.69 | 3.27 |
| 1 South | 22.59 | 1.11 | 44.84 | 2.68 | 4.93 | 20.37 | 2.63 |
| Total | 22.99 | .86 | 44.05 | 2.51 | 4.22 | 21.54 | 2.95 |
| P17 How much credit do you give to each of the following people or groups for the death of Osama Bin Laden? | |||||||
| Mean | |||||||
| Race/Region | P17_A [Barack Obama] | P17_B [Mitt Romney] | P17_C [Navy Seal Team] | P17_D [Hillary Clinton] | P17_E [George W. Bush] | P17_F [U.S. Intelligence Agencies] | P17_G [Another individual or group] |
| 1 White South | 15.03 | .53 | 53.33 | 1.64 | 5.42 | 20.92 | 2.50 |
| 2 AA South | 44.83 | 1.45 | 27.51 | 5.44 | 2.61 | 14.94 | 1.97 |
| 3 Latino/a South | 26.32 | 2.94 | 31.96 | 3.52 | 5.68 | 24.42 | 3.86 |
| 4 White Non-South | 18.91 | .33 | 47.87 | 1.70 | 3.51 | 23.57 | 3.13 |
| 5 AA Non-South | 45.38 | .99 | 26.73 | 4.47 | 2.27 | 16.23 | 3.37 |
| 6 Latino/a Non-South | 32.87 | 1.85 | 29.78 | 4.29 | 4.29 | 22.18 | 3.92 |
| Total | 27.32 | 1.21 | 39.18 | 3.10 | 4.15 | 21.03 | 3.11 |
| P10 Who do you think is primarily responsible for the increase in overallcollege student loan debt which has now reached almost a trillion dollars? | |||||
| Frequency | Percent | Valid Percent | Cumulative Percent | ||
| Valid | -1 Refused | 87 | 2.4 | 2.4 | 2.4 |
| 1 Students | 647 | 17.9 | 17.9 | 20.3 | |
| 2 Parents | 138 | 3.8 | 3.8 | 24.2 | |
| 3 The college or university | 1113 | 30.9 | 30.9 | 55.0 | |
| 4 State Government | 242 | 6.7 | 6.7 | 61.7 | |
| 5 Federal Government | 1064 | 29.5 | 29.5 | 91.3 | |
| 6 Other | 315 | 8.7 | 8.7 | 100.0 | |
| Total | 3606 | 100.0 | 100.0 | ||
| P10 Who do you think is primarily responsible for the increase in overallcollege student loan debt which has now reached almost a trillion dollars? | |||||
| Party Identification | Total | ||||
| 1 Democrat | 2 Independent | 3 Republican | |||
| -1 Refused | Count | 25 | 45 | 17 | 87 |
| % within Party Identification | 1.5% | 6.0% | 1.4% | 2.4% | |
| 1 Students | Count | 249 | 145 | 252 | 646 |
| % within Party Identification | 15.4% | 19.3% | 20.5% | 17.9% | |
| 2 Parents | Count | 55 | 30 | 53 | 138 |
| % within Party Identification | 3.4% | 4.0% | 4.3% | 3.8% | |
| 3 The college or university | Count | 550 | 205 | 358 | 1113 |
| % within Party Identification | 33.9% | 27.3% | 29.1% | 30.9% | |
| 4 State Government | Count | 147 | 48 | 46 | 241 |
| % within Party Identification | 9.1% | 6.4% | 3.7% | 6.7% | |
| 5 Federal Government | Count | 415 | 214 | 434 | 1063 |
| % within Party Identification | 25.6% | 28.5% | 35.3% | 29.5% | |
| 6 Other | Count | 180 | 64 | 71 | 315 |
| % within Party Identification | 11.1% | 8.5% | 5.8% | 8.7% | |
| Total | Count | 1621 | 751 | 1231 | 3603 |
| % within Party Identification | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | |
| P10 Who do you think is primarily responsible for the increase in overallcollege student loan debt which has now reached almost a trillion dollars? | ||||||
| Income Groups | Total | |||||
| 1 <$25K | 2 $25-49K | 3 $50-74K | 4 $75K+ | |||
| -1 Refused | Count | 33 | 21 | 10 | 23 | 87 |
| % within Income Groups | 4.1% | 2.3% | 1.5% | 1.8% | 2.4% | |
| 1 Students | Count | 139 | 151 | 131 | 227 | 648 |
| % within Income Groups | 17.3% | 16.8% | 19.8% | 18.2% | 18.0% | |
| 2 Parents | Count | 37 | 27 | 26 | 49 | 139 |
| % within Income Groups | 4.6% | 3.0% | 3.9% | 3.9% | 3.9% | |
| 3 The college or university | Count | 177 | 272 | 216 | 448 | 1113 |
| % within Income Groups | 22.1% | 30.3% | 32.7% | 35.9% | 30.8% | |
| 4 State Government | Count | 69 | 70 | 34 | 69 | 242 |
| % within Income Groups | 8.6% | 7.8% | 5.1% | 5.5% | 6.7% | |
| 5 Federal Government | Count | 265 | 275 | 193 | 330 | 1063 |
| % within Income Groups | 33.0% | 30.6% | 29.2% | 26.5% | 29.5% | |
| 6 Other | Count | 82 | 82 | 51 | 101 | 316 |
| % within Income Groups | 10.2% | 9.1% | 7.7% | 8.1% | 8.8% | |
| Total | Count | 802 | 898 | 661 | 1247 | 3608 |
| % within Income Groups | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | |
| P10 Who do you think is primarily responsible for the increase in overallcollege student loan debt which has now reached almost a trillion dollars? | ||||||
| Education (Categorical) | Total | |||||
| 1 Less than high school | 2 High school | 3 Some College | 4 Bachelor’s degree or higher | |||
| -1 Refused | Count | 33 | 19 | 25 | 10 | 87 |
| % within Education (Categorical) | 7.5% | 1.7% | 2.4% | 1.0% | 2.4% | |
| 1 Students | Count | 67 | 221 | 190 | 170 | 648 |
| % within Education (Categorical) | 15.3% | 20.0% | 18.1% | 16.8% | 18.0% | |
| 2 Parents | Count | 25 | 40 | 27 | 45 | 137 |
| % within Education (Categorical) | 5.7% | 3.6% | 2.6% | 4.4% | 3.8% | |
| 3 The college or university | Count | 80 | 314 | 335 | 385 | 1114 |
| % within Education (Categorical) | 18.3% | 28.4% | 32.0% | 38.0% | 30.9% | |
| 4 State Government | Count | 39 | 85 | 57 | 59 | 240 |
| % within Education (Categorical) | 8.9% | 7.7% | 5.4% | 5.8% | 6.7% | |
| 5 Federal Government | Count | 154 | 361 | 324 | 225 | 1064 |
| % within Education (Categorical) | 35.2% | 32.6% | 30.9% | 22.2% | 29.5% | |
| 6 Other | Count | 40 | 67 | 89 | 120 | 316 |
| % within Education (Categorical) | 9.1% | 6.1% | 8.5% | 11.8% | 8.8% | |
| Total | Count | 438 | 1107 | 1047 | 1014 | 3606 |
| % within Education (Categorical) | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | |
| P10 Who do you think is primarily responsible for the increase in overallcollege student loan debt which has now reached almost a trillion dollars? | |||||
| Race/Ethnicity | Total | ||||
| 1 White | 2 African-American | 4 Latino/Latina | |||
| -1 Refused | Count | 29 | 25 | 55 | 109 |
| % within Race/Ethnicity | 1.8% | 3.0% | 5.0% | 3.0% | |
| 1 Students | Count | 319 | 132 | 150 | 601 |
| % within Race/Ethnicity | 19.3% | 15.7% | 13.5% | 16.7% | |
| 2 Parents | Count | 58 | 27 | 64 | 149 |
| % within Race/Ethnicity | 3.5% | 3.2% | 5.8% | 4.1% | |
| 3 The college or university | Count | 557 | 233 | 229 | 1019 |
| % within Race/Ethnicity | 33.7% | 27.7% | 20.6% | 28.3% | |
| 4 State Government | Count | 81 | 92 | 128 | 301 |
| % within Race/Ethnicity | 4.9% | 10.9% | 11.5% | 8.3% | |
| 5 Federal Government | Count | 475 | 252 | 362 | 1089 |
| % within Race/Ethnicity | 28.8% | 29.9% | 32.6% | 30.2% | |
| 6 Other | Count | 133 | 81 | 123 | 337 |
| % within Race/Ethnicity | 8.1% | 9.6% | 11.1% | 9.3% | |
| Total | Count | 1652 | 842 | 1111 | 3605 |
| % within Race/Ethnicity | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | |